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Standard 4: Genes are a set of instructions encoded in the DNA sequence of each organism that specify the sequence of amino acids in proteins characteristic of that organism. As a basis for understanding this concept: 5a: The general structures and functions of DNA, RNA, and protein. 1d: The central dogma of molecular biology outlines the flow of information from transcription of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus to translation of proteins on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. 4a: The general pathway by which ribosomes synthesize proteins, using tRNAs to translate genetic information in mRNA. 5b: Apply base-pairing rules to explain precise copying of DNA during semiconservative replication and transcription of information from DNA into mRNA. 4b: Apply the genetic coding rules to predict the sequence of amino acids from a sequence of codons in RNA. 4e: Proteins can differ from one another in the number and sequence of amino acids. *4f: Students know why proteins having different amino acid sequences typically have different shapes and chemical properties. 4c: Students know how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not affect the expression of the gene or the sequence of amino acids in an encoded protein. 4d: Specialization of cells in multicellular organisms is usually due to different patterns of gene expression rather than to differences of the genes themselves.

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