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Chapter 4 I. New England Colonies A. Immigration was an important factor to the growth of the colonies. Between 1607 and 1775, almost half a million people came to live in the colonies. The colonies also grew as parents had larger families, more babies survived childhood diseases, and people began living longer. B. Most New Englanders lived in towns. Each town had a meetinghouse facing a green, or common, where cows grazed and the army trained. The meetinghouse was used for both town meetings and church services. C. The soil in New England made farming difficult. Farming produced just enough to meet the needs of families. This was called “subsistence farming.” The farms in New England were also smaller than in the south. D. Small businesses thrived. Skilled craftspeople, such as blacksmiths, furniture makers, and printers, started businesses. Women often produced extra candles, garments, and soap to sell or trade. E. Shipbuilding and fishing were important industries. Trade with Northern and Southern Colonies and with the West Indies centered in Northern coastal cities. For example, manufactured goods from Europe were traded for fish, furs, and fruits from New England. F. The triangular trade route developed. Ships brought sugar and molasses from the West Indies to New England where molasses was made into rum. From New England, rum and other manufactured goods were shipped to West Africa. On the second leg in Africa, these goods were traded for enslaved Africans. On the last leg, the enslaved Africans were taken to the West Indies where they were sold to planters. The profit was used to buy more molasses, and the triangular trade continued. G. One of the worst parts of the triangular trade was called the Middle Passage. Enslaved Africans endured inhumane treatment and conditions during the voyage across the Atlantic. II. The Middle Colonies A. Farms in these colonies were larger than in New England. As a result, they produced greater quantities of cash crops. B. The port cities of New York and Philadelphia became busy with the wheat and livestock that was shipped from them. C. Lumbering, mining, small-scale manufacturing, and home-based crafts were major industries of the region. D. Religious and cultural differences existed here. Immigrants from Germany, Holland, Sweden, and other non-English countries provided a cultural diversity not found in New England. III. The Southern Colonies A. The economics of the Southern Colonies were dependent upon tobacco in Maryland and Virginia and rice in South Carolina and Georgia. As a result, commerce or industry was slow to develop in the South. B. Growing tobacco and rice was dependent upon slave labor. Rice was even more profitable than tobacco. London merchants, rather than the local merchants, managed this southern trade. C. Tobacco and rice were grown on plantations. A plantation, or large farm, was often on a river so crops could be shipped easily by boat. Each plantation was a community consisting of a main house, kitchens, slave cabins, barns, stables, and outbuildings, and perhaps a chapel and a school. They were in the Tidewater region of the south. D. Some people in the South settled in the backcountry region, toward the Appalachian Mountains. Small farms grew corn and tobacco. The independent small farmers outnumbered the large plantation owners. Yet the plantation owners controlled the economic and political life of the region. IV. Slavery A. Slavery was a main reason for the economic success of the south. It was criticized as being inhumane. Some colonists did not believe in slavery, nor would they own enslaved people. B. Most of the enslaved Africans lived on plantations. Many suffered cruel treatment. All of the southern colonies had slave labor and slave codes, or strict rules that governed the enslaved Africans. C. Although many enslaved Africans saw their families torn apart and suffered from harsh treatment, they also developed their own culture as enslaved people. This was based on their West African homelands. D. Some were given the opportunity to learn trades and become skilled workers. If they were lucky enough to buy their freedom, they developed communities with other free African Americans. E. The debate over slavery later ended in a war with the North against the South V. English Colonial Rule A. In the mid-1600s, the English monarchy saw Charles II and then James II rule. James II tried to tighten royal control over the colonies, but in 1688 he was forced out by the English Parliament. Mary, his daughter, and her husband William, ruled. This power of elected representatives over the monarch was known as the Glorious Revolution. B. The English Bill of Rights, signed by William and Mary in 1689, guaranteed certain basic rights to all citizens. This document inspired the creation of the American Bill of Rights. C. England passed a series of laws called the Navigation Acts. The colonies were an economic resource that England wanted to maintain control of. These laws controlled the flow of goods between England and the colonies. They kept the colonies from sending certain products outside of England and forced the colonists to use English ships when shipping. D. Some colonists began smuggling or illegally trading with other nations. They did not want to trade only with England. This illegal trade was the beginning of the economic conflict between England and the colonies. VI. Colonial Government A. There were three types of colonies by the 1760s: Charter – Connecticut, Rhode Island. Proprietary – Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Royal – Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North and South Carolina, and Virginia. B. Voting rights were granted only to white men who owned property. Women, indentured servants, men without land, and African Americans could not vote. VII. An Emerging Culture A. The return of strong religious values in the 1720s through the 1740s led to the Great Awakening. Influential preachers like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield inspired colonists in New England and the Middle Colonies to reexamine their lifestyles, their relationships with one another, and their faith. B. The family was the foundation of the colonial society. Men were the formal heads of the households. They managed the farms and represented the family in community matters. C. Women also participated in decision-making and worked in the fields or on farms. In the cities and towns, they worked outside the home for wealthy families, as teachers, nurses, or as shopkeepers. However, they could not vote. D. Education was valued in the colonies. Many communities established schools. By 1750 the literacy rate in New England was approximately 85 percent for men and 50 percent for women. E. Many schools were run by widows or unmarried women who taught in their homes. Some schools in the Middle Colonies were run by Quakers or by religious groups. In towns and cities, craftspeople opened night schools to train apprentices. F. Harvard was the first college, established in 1636 by Puritans. The early colleges were founded to train ministers. G. The Enlightenment, a movement that began in Europe in the 1750s, influenced the colonists. It spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society. Ideas spread through newspapers, lectures, and organizations. H. The foundation for freedom of the press came when New York Weekly Journal publisher John Pete Zenger was sued, accused of libel for printing articles criticizing the royal governor of New York. Zenger argued free speech was a basic right of the people. The jury based its decision on whether the articles were true, not offensive. Zenger was found not guilty. VIII. British-French Rivalry A. The French and British rivalry grew as both countries expanded into each other’s territories. B. In the 1740s, the British fur traders built a fort at Pickawillany in the Ohio River country. In 1752, the French attacked this fort and drove the British out. The French built several more forts along the Ohio River valley to protect what they claimed to be their fur-trading territory. C. Also in 1740, French troops raided towns in Maine and New York. The British captured the French fortress at Louisbourg, north of Nova Scotia, in retaliation. Later they returned Louisbourg to France. D. Many Native Americans helped France since the French and Native Americans had a better relationship. The Native Americans often raided British settlements. E. The Iroquois Confederacy was the most powerful Native American group in the East. It consisted of five nations: the Mohawks, the Seneca, the Cayuga, the Onondaga, and the Oneida. They remained independent until the mid-1700s when the British gained certain trading rights in the Ohio Valley. IX. American Colonists Take Action A. In 1753 the Virginia governor Robert Dinwiddle sent George Washington into the Ohio Valley to push the French out. He was not successful against the French. B. In the spring of 1754, Washington returned as a lieutenant with a militia of 150 men to build a fort near present day Pittsburgh. He found the French were already there building Fort Duquesne. Washington established Fort Necessity nearby. The French surrounded Washington’s soldiers and forced them to surrender but later let them go back to Virginia. C. Even though he was defeated, Washington’s fame spread throughout the colonies and Europe because he stood up to the French. D. A group of representatives met in Albany, New York, to discuss the possible war threat and to defend themselves against the French. The representatives adopted the Albany Plan of Union suggested by Benjamin Franklin. But none of the colonies approved the plan because no colony wanted to give up any of its power. E. The series of clashes that occurred was called the French and Indian War by the colonists because they were fighting two wars – one with the French and the other with the Native Americans who were allies of the French. X. The British Take Action A. Early in the war, the French appeared to be winning control of the American land. 1. They had built forts throughout the Great Lakes region and the Ohio River valley. 2. They had strong alliances with the Native Americans. This allowed them to control land from the St. Lawrence River in Canada south to New Orleans. 3. The British colonists had little help from Britain in fighting the French. B. In 1754 Great Britain sent General Edward Braddock to be commander in chief of British forces in America and drive the French out. He was unsuccessful in the battle at Fort Duquesne, suffered nearly 1,000 casualties, and was killed himself. C. This defeat spurred Britain to declare war on France. The Seven Years’ War began in 1756. French, British, and Spanish forces clashed in North America. Europe, Cuba, the West Indies, India, and the Philippines. D. During the early years, the British were not successful. After William Pitt, prime minister of Britain, came to power, things changed. 1. Britain paid for war supplies, which ultimately put them in debt. 2. Pitt sent British troops to conquer French Canada. In 1758 the British recaptured the fort at Louisbourg. 3. New Englanders, led by British officers, captured Fort Frontenac. 4. British troops forced the French to abandon Fort Duquesne, which was renamed Fort Pitt. XI. The Fall of New France A. The continued British victories led to the downfall of the French as a power in North America. In 1759: 1. the British captured several French islands in the West Indies 2. the British defeated the French in India 3. the British destroyed a French fleet in Canada 4. the British surprised and defeated the French army at the Battle of Quebec. Quebec was the capital of New France and a place that was thought to be impossible to attack. B. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the war. In the treaty: 1. France kept some of its islands in the West Indies but gave Canada and most of its lands east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain 2. Great Britain gained Florida from Spain 3. Spain received lands west of the Mississippi River (Louisiana Territory) and the port of New Orleans C. North America was now divided between Britain and Spain with the Mississippi River as the boundary. XII. Trouble on the Frontier A. The British victory left the Native Americans without their ally and main trading partner. The British raised prices of goods, did not pay the Native Americans for their land, and began new settlements in Western Pennsylvania. B. Pontiac was a chief of an Ottawa village near Detroit. He put together an alliance of Native American people in 1763. In the spring, they attacked the British fort at Detroit, captured other British outposts in the Great Lakes region, and led a series of raids called Pontiac’s War along the Pennsylvania and Virginia frontiers. C. The war ended in August 1765 when Pontiac heard that the French signed the Treaty of Paris. D. To prevent more fighting and westward expansion, Britain established the Proclamation of 1763. The king declared the Appalachian Mountains as the temporary boundary for the colonies. This created more conflicts between Britain and the colonies, especially to those people who owned or invested in land west of the mountain.
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