Chapter 8 The Rise of Rome (pg 258-297)

Section 8.1 (pages 263-265)

I. The Origins of Rome (pages 263–265)

A. Italy is a boot-shaped country in the Mediterranean. The toe of the

                  boot points toward the island of Sicily.

B. The Alps are mountains at Italy’s northern border, and the

                  Apennines is a mountain range that extends through Italy from north to south.

C. Italy’s terrain was easier to farm than the terrain of Greece, so Italy could support more   

     People.

D. The Latins built the city of Rome on the plain of Latium.

E. Rome was located in central Italy on the Tiber River.

F. Two stories tell about Rome’s beginning: the legend of Remus and

                  Romulus and the tale of Aeneas and his Trojan followers.

G. The Greeks and the Etruscans influenced the Roman way of life.

H. The Etruscans were skilled metalworkers who helped shape Roman

                  civilization. The Etruscan army was the model for the Roman army.

 

 

Question:

How did the Greeks influence the Romans?

The Greeks taught the Romans how to grow grapes and olives. They also taught the Romans their

alphabet. Roman architecture, sculpture, and literature was also modeled after the Greeks.

 

 

II. The Birth of a Republic (pages 265–267)

A.    The Tarquins were leaders of the Etruscan-ruled Rome. After 100 years under the Tarquins, the Romans rebelled against Etruscan rulers.

B.   The Romans established a republic. In a republic, the leader is not a

             king or queen but someone voted into office by citizens.

C. Rome had a large, powerful army made up of excellent, disciplined

                  soldiers.

D. Roads connected all of Rome’s military settlements.

       E. The Roman Confederation gave full citizenship to some people, who could vote and serve in government.    

           Romans gave others the status of allies, which meant they could rule their won local affairs.

 

Question:

What was the benefit of organizing soldiers into legions?

Smaller bands of troops were easier to maneuver than one large army.

 

Section 8.2 (pages 268-276)

Rome’s Government (pages 269–273)

A. Patricians and plebeians were the two classes of people in Rome.

B. Top government officials were called consuls. Another important group of officials were the praetors. The   

     Senate was the most important lawmaking body. Another important legislative body was

     the Assembly of Centuries.

B.  Plebeians challenged the class system by going on strike. The Romans then allowed the plebeians to set up their own legislative group called the Council of the Plebes.

C. Today, a dictator is an oppressive ruler. In the Roman Republic, a dictator was a person who served the  

people and ruled temporarily during emergencies.

E. Cincinnatus, the best-known early Roman dictator, led an army of men to defeat a powerful enemy.

F. The Twelve Tables were Rome’s first code of laws. They were the basis of all future Roman laws. The Law of   

    Nations were created to address issues of conquered peoples.

             G. The rule of law

Question:

How are modern dictators different from the Roman dictators?

Roman dictators were appointed by the Senate in times of great danger.

When the danger was over, the dictators gave up their power. Modern

dictators often seize power, frequently using military force. They do not

often give up their power voluntarily, instead ruling until they are removed

from office by force.

 

 

II. Rome Expands (pages 274–276)

A. Carthage, a state on the coast of North Africa, was a powerful enemy of Rome.

B. The First Punic War began as a dispute between Rome and Carthage over the island of Sicily. The war   

     continued for 20 years before Rome won.

C. The Second Punic War began after Carthage expanded into Spain. Rome helped the people of Spain rebel.

D. Hannibal was a great Carthaginian general who fought in the Second Punic War.

E. At the Battle of Cannae, Hannibal’s forces overpowered the Romans.

F. The Roman general Scipio led his forces to defeat the Carthaginians at the Battle of Zama.

G. Rome destroyed Carthage in the Third Punic War.

H. Rome also took all of Greece and Macedonia and parts of Africa during the Punic Wars.

 

Question”

Why did Rome create a navy?

Carthage was a great sea power. To beat the Carthaginians, the Romans had to build a great naval fleet.

 

Question:

How are modern dictators different from the Roman dictators?

Roman dictators were appointed by the Senate in times of great danger. When the danger was over, the dictators gave up their power. Modern dictators often seize power, frequently using military force. They do not often give up their power voluntarily, instead ruling until they are removed from office by force

 

Question:

Why did Rome create a navy?

Carthage was a great sea power. To beat the Carthaginians, the Romans had to build a great naval fleet.

 

Se

Section 8.3 (pages 277-283)

I. Trouble in the Republic (pages 278–279)

A. The gap between the rich patricians and the poor plebeians grew, and

     farmers especially suffered.

B. Latifunda were large farming estates created when wealthy Romans

     bought small farms.

C. Farmers whose land had been bought traveled to cities to try to  find jobs.

D. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were two wealthy brothers who tried to

      reform government. They were killed.

E. Marius, a former military leader, was appointed counsel and

     promised land to poor men if they became soldiers.

F. Sulla drove Marius out of Rome, declared himself dictator, and spent

    three years reforming government before resigning from office.

Question:

What happened after Sulla stepped down from office?

Men who saw Sulla gain power by using an army decided to follow the same path, and

civil wars broke out.

 

II. Julius Caesar (pages 280–281)

A. A triumvirate is a political alliance of three people. Julius Caesar,

     Crassus, and Pompey formed a triumvirate after Sulla left office.

B. Julius Caesar marched on Rome and defeated Pompey’s forces after

     Crassus died in battle.

 

 

    Julius Caesar was born to a patrician family. According to myth, Julius’

    ancestor was the goddess Venus.

 

The Fall of the Republic (pages 277–283)

Section 8.4 (pages 286-294)

I. The Emperor Augustus (pages 287–288)

A. The Pax Romana is the long era of peace that began with Augustus.

B. Augustus built a permanent, professional army and created a special guard called the Praetorian Guard, who   

    guarded him.

C. Augustus restored Rome’s splendor and fed the hungry poor of Rome with imported grain.

D. Augustus appointed a proconsul, or governor, for each province, replacing politicians appointed by the Senate.

E. Augustus reformed the tax system by making tax collectors permanent workers, and he reformed the legal

    system by creating a set of laws for people who were not citizens.

F. The Julio-Claudian emperors were the rulers who followed Augustus: Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero.  

    Caligula and Nero were cruel leaders, and Tiberius and Claudius were competent rulers.

 

 

Question:

What lands did Augustus conquer during his reign?

Augustus’s army conquered Spain, Gaul, and lands today known as Austria, Hungary,

Romania, and Bulgaria.

 

 

II. Unity and Prosperity (pages 290–294)

A. Vespasian restored order to Rome after the chaos following Nero’s death.

 

            The first fire brigade, or fire department, was created by Augustus.

 

The Early Empire (pages 286–294)

B. The Jewish temple in Jerusalem was destroyed by Vespasian’s armies in the effort to put down a Jewish   

     rebellion.

C. Mount Vesuvius erupted and destroyed the city of Pompeii in A.D. 79.

D. The rulers known as the good emperors were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius.  

    The Roman Empire flourished under their rule.

E. Aqueducts are human-made water channels for carrying water long distances. They were created during the   

    prosperous times of the good emperors.

F. The Roman Empire became one of the largest empires in history during the reign of the good emperors. The  

    different people of the Roman Empire were unite d by Roman law, Roman rule, and their shared identity as  

    Romans.

 

G. Most people were farmers who grew olives, grapes, and grain. Other people were artisans who traded with  

    others inside and outside the Roman Empire.

H. Roads and currency—a system of money—were important to the prosperous trade that developed.

I. A gap existed between rich merchants, shopkeepers, and skilled workers and poor farmers and city dwellers.

 

 

 

Question:

Why were aqueducts important?

The aqueducts were the source of water for most people in Rome.