Articulation Norms

Articulation is the ability to accurately produce speech sounds.

  • By state law, a child is considered to have an "articulation" disorder if they have one or more sound production error "beyond the age at which 90% of the population has achieved mastery" according to developmental norms. The error needs to be consistent throughout their conversational speech. 
  • It is important to note that speech sounds are fully acquired at different ages of the child's life and that it can vary between boys and girls. As we provide school-based therapy, the educational and social impact of the errors are also considered when determining eligibility.


                                                          Articulation Norms 

Age 3-5

Age 4-6

Age 6

Age 7

Age 8

 

p

m

n

w

h

b

g

k

lateralization of sibilants: s, z, ∫, t∫, d3

 

f

d

          ŋ  (5.0)

          j  (5.0)

t

kw

 

 

∫ (sh)

t∫ (ch)

l

r

d3

bl

dr

fl

fr

gl

gr

pl

 

 

         θ (th, initial)

v

s

∂ (th voiced)

br

kl

kr

sl

sp

st

sw

tr

 

 

         θ  (th final)

z

 

 

* Norms derived from the Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation – 2nd edition (GFTA-2), 2000.

 

* Ages represent age at which 90% of the population has mastered both initial and final production, unless otherwise noted.