Chapter 2 Test on Tuesday, December 6th
- study Key Terms
- review outlines
- reread chapter
- review questions at beginning and end of sections and chapter
Outline for Latin America Chapter 2 – Shaped by Its History
I. Early Civilizations of Middle America (Section 1)
A. Mayan Civilization
1. About 300 AD – 900 AD
2. Built great cities
a. Copan (in Honduras)
b. Tikal (in Guatemala
c. Religious centers – pyramid-shaped temples
i. Worshipped many gods
3. Mayan Farming and Science
a. Farming around the cities
b. Maize, corn – most important crop
c. Beans, squash, peppers, avocados, papayas
d. Priest studied stars – designed calendar
e. Hieroglyphics – system of writing using signs and symbols
f. Number system – similar to decimal system
4. Great Mystery of the Mayas
a. About 900 AD – left cities, but stayed in region
i. Live in Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El
Salvador
b. Mystery of why they left
i. Crop failures, war, disease, drought, famine, rebelling
against priests and nobles
B. Aztec civilization
1. The Valley of Mexico in 1100s
2. 1325 – island in Lake Texcoco
a. Filled in lake – Tenochtitlan – Mexico City
i. Canals – man-made waterways
ii. Causeways – raised roads
iii. Ordinary dwellings – reeds and mud
iv. Upper Class dwellings - stone
3. 1400s – conquer other people
a. Had to pay tribute and taxes
4. Society classes or groups
a. Emperor - ruled
b. Nobles and priests helped emperor
c. Warriors fought battles
d. Traders carried goods
e. Craftworkers crated works of art
f. Farmers (most of the people)
5. Tenochtitlan – center of trade and learning
a. Doctors made 1000 medicines from plants
b. Astronomers watched stars and planets – made calendars
c. Priests kept records using hieroglyphics
II. The Incas (Section 2)
A. The Rise of the Incas
1. About 1200 settled in Cuzco (in Peru)
2. Mostly farmers
a. Maize and other crops
3. Controlled Cuzco Valley (Andes to Pacific Ocean) from wars and
conquest
4. 1438 ruler – Pachacuti – “he who shakes the earth”
a. Demanded loyalty or forced off land
b. Built many cities – Machu Picchu
5. Topa Inca (Pachacuti’s son) expanded empire
a. 2500 miles – Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina
b. 12 million people lived in small villages
B. Incan Accomplishments
1. Excellent farmers, builders, and managers
2. Roads and Aqueducts
a. Built over 14,000 miles of roads
i. Helped the Incas govern their vast empire
ii. Runners, Incan armies, and trade caravans used roads
b. Built Canals and Aqueducts
i. Aqueduct – pipe or channel to carry water from a long
distance away
ii. Able to irrigate land too dry to grow crops
3. Government and Records
a. Organized government
i. Emperor
ii. Nobles, govern provinces – has a census
iii. Local officials collect taxes
iv. Villagers work on government building projects
v. Government took care of poor, sick, and elderly
b. Quipus – knotted strings for recording information
4. Religion
a. Worshipped many gods
i. Inti, the sun god, was their parent
ii. Viracocha – creator of all people of the Andes
5. Quechua Descendants of the Incas
a. 1500s – Spanish conquered Incan empire
b. Quechua – Incan language still spoken
c. Farming methods still used
d. Poncho and woven cloth
III. European Conquest (Section 3)
A. Europeans Arrive in the Americas
1. 1400s – Spain and Portugal look for new routes to Asia
2. October 12, 1492 – Christopher Columbus lands in New World
3. Dividing the World – Spain and Portugal were fierce rivals
a. 1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas
i. Treaty – an agreement in writing between countries
ii. Line of Demarcation (50◦W)
iii. Anything west of line is Spanish
iv. Anything east of line is Portugal (only eastern half of
Brazil)
B. A Clash of Cultures
1. Conquistadors – conquerors
a. Had the right to hunt for treasure in the Americas
b. Had to give Spain 1/5 of treasure
2. Cortes Conquers the Aztecs
a. 1519 – Hernan Cores(Spanish) landed on coast of Mexico
b. Moctezuma – Aztec ruler
c. First time for Aztecs to see horses
d. Spanish soldiers killed Aztecs, so they fought back
e. 1521 – Aztecs surrendered
3. Pizzaro conquers the Incas
a. In 1531-1535 Francisco Pizzaro(Spanish) attacked and
conquered Incan empire
4. It took only 15 years for conquistadors to defeat Aztecs and
Incas
a. Had guns and cannons
b. Rode horses
c. Carried diseases – smallpox, measles, and chicken pox
d. Some natives helped conquistadors because of rivalry
C. Colonization
1. By 1540s Spain claimed land from Kansas to tip of South America
2. Spain organizes its empire
a. Spain divides empire into provinces with strong governments
i. New Spain – Mexico City capital
ii. Peru – Lima capital
b. Spanish social classes
i. Most powerful live in center of city
ii. Mestizos – Spanish and Native American descent lived
on city’s outskirts
iii. Native Americans – least powerful class
iv. Hacienda – plantation owned by Spaniards or Catholic
Church
3. The Effect of European Rule
a. Encomiendos – rights to demand taxes and labor from Native
Americans
i. Native Americans forced to work for settlers on
haciendas and silver mines
b. Native Americans died from overwork, malnutrition, and
European diseases
c. 1519 – New Spain had 25 million Native Americans
i. 1569 – only 3 million still alive
d. 1532 – Peru had 12 million Native Americans
i. 1582 – less than 2 million still alive
IV. Independence (Section 4)
A. Independence in Mexico
1. Revolution – a political movement in which the people overthrow
the government and set up another one
2. Criollos – a person with Spanish parents born outside Spain;
usually wealthiest and best educated in Spanish colonies
3. 1810 – Mexico starts to try to govern itself
a. Miguel Hidalgo – criollos priest leader
i. The “Cry of Delores” – call for revolution – September
1810
ii. Convicted of treason and executed in July 1811
b. Agustin de Iturbide – criollo Spanish army officer
i. 1821 - he declared Mexico independent
B. South American Independence
1. Simon Bolivar – Latin American revolutionary leader
a. President of Gran Columbia (Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador,
and Panama)
b. The Liberator
2. Jose de San Martin – Latin American revolutionary leader
a. Declared Argentina and Chile’s independence
3. 1825 – all South American countries independent from Spain
except Cuba and Puerto Rico
4. Brazil – 1822 – independent from Portugal declared by Dom Pedro
C. Challenges of Independence
1. Countries need to learn how to govern
2. Countries are very poor
3. Too hard to govern such a huge area
4. Caudillos – strict military officers - wanted power and wealth
V. Issues in Latin America Today (Section 5)
A. Foreign Investment
1. Invest – spend money to earn money
2. 1900’s – most Latin American businesses owned/worked for foreign
companies
3. Economy – the ways that goods and services are produced and made
available to people
a. Money from sale of goods and services coming into or out of a
country, affects that country’s economy
b. Countries realized they needed to build factories, grow many
different kinds of crops, and develop a wide range of resources
c. 1970’s - many Latin American countries grew
d. 1980’s – borrowed money from wealthy countries, so have huge
foreign debt
i. Argentina and Brazil have the most foreign debt and the
most industries
B. Facing Economic Challenges
1. Latin American countries limit foreign investments
2. Latin American countries cooperate with each other
3. Some Latin American countries developing new industries
4. Formed organizations to encourage cooperation between countries
C. Land Distribution
1. One of Latin America’s most important resources
2. Most farmland (haciendas) owned by a few wealthy families
a. Haciendas – grew crops to sell abroad to other continents
3. Campesinos – poor farmers own small areas
a. Crops grown to meet their own needs
4. 1930’s Latin American countries divide land more equally
a. Poor quality land, don’t have money to buy seeds/equipment,
and didn’t have skills to be successful
5. Using and Protecting the Land
a. Rain Forests cleared to farm, but land became less good
i. Brazilian leaders trying to find ways to help campesinos
and save rain forests
D. The Move to the City
1. Campesinos went to cities to find economic opportunities
2. Rapid growth of cities (urban) and countryside (rural)
3. People who moved to cities were looking for better jobs, improve
the quality of life, hope for comfortable homes, better medical
care, and good schools
October 19, 2011
Congratulations! Miller’s Tourist Planners has decided to hire you
to help create tour guides for different countries in Latin America. There
are a lot of places to go, and it is your job to help sell your trip so
Miller’s Tourist Planners can make some big bucks.
Your job will be to plan a tour. Your destination is one of the 33
countries in Central America, the Caribbean, or South America. As you plan
your tour, you will need to explore the five themes of geography: location,
place, human-environment interaction, movement, and regions. You will be
able to answer questions such as:
• “Where is this country?”
• “What is this country like?”
• “How would you describe the geography of this country? Are there any
unique landforms?”
• “What are some of the major cities in this country?”
• “How do people use this country?”
• “How and why have people changed this country?”
• “How has this place been affected by the movement of people, goods,
and ideas?”
• “What languages are spoken in this place?”
• “What is the culture of this place?”
• “What are the customs of this country?”
Now, these are the suggestions of Miller’s Tourist Planners, but if you think
you have a better idea for what should be included in your brochure, go
ahead! Just make sure you ask your boss if your idea is a good one!
Remember, a brochure should be very informative and should entice the
person who is reading it. They should want to come and explore the place you
have written about. You will use Microsoft Publisher to design your brochure.
You and your boss will complete an evaluation sheet on your
brochure. Be sure to look over the criteria.
Latin American country____________________________________
Brochure research due___November 3rd
Some helpful websites: These will be on my and Mrs. Greiner’s webpage.
http://www.infoplease.com
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook
Here are some questions you may want to answer for your brochure. Write the
question on an Index card. Then put your notes on that Index card. Make
sure that you have enough information for each of the 5 Themes of Geography.
You don’t have to limit your information to just these questions!!!!
How big is your country?
What is the population of your country?
Where is your country located?
What are the major imports and exports of your country?
What are some of the major cities?
What is the language(s) spoken in your country:
What is the climate of your country?
What are some areas of interest in your country? (National Parks, places to
visit, etc.)
What are some customs of your country?
How would you describe the culture of your country?
What are some other important facts about your country that a traveler may
want to know?
What are some other interesting facts about your country?
Brochure Criteria
Information in the brochure is accurate about the country assigned.(10
points.)
Brochure includes easily-read maps of the assigned country and where it is
in
relationship to Latin America.(10)
Brochure includes information about all 5 Themes of Geography.(30)
Brochure is laid out nicely (no blank/white space) and is well organized.(10)
Brochure includes a variety of graphics(at least one per panel).(10)
Brochure layout catches the attention of the observer(different fonts,
colors, etc.). (10)
Brochure was edited and contains few conventional
(spelling,capitalization,etc.) errors.(10)
Several Works Cited (10)
The 5 Themes of Geography
1) Movement - how people, goods, and ideas get from one place to another
2) Location - absolute location - uses latitude and longitude lines
- relative location - in relation to what it is near
3) Place - physical features - how God made the land and water
human features - how people have changed the land and water
4) Regions - what a place has in common
5) Human-Environment Interaction - how people affect the environment
- how the environment affects people
Map of my Bedroom due October 4th
Map - pencil (7pts) colored (10pts)
Title – uniquely named(8pts) without “room” used (10pts)
Key – 1-4 items (5pts) 5-8 items (8pts) 9 or more items (10pts)
Compass Rose – inaccurate(7pts) accurate (10pts)
Spelling – 3-4 errors (5pts) 1-2 errors (8pts) none (10pts)
Capitalization - 3-4 errors (5pts) 1-2 errors (8pts) none (10pts)
Measurements of walls – listed, but inaccurate (7pts)
listed and accurate (10pts)
Very Difficult to read Some Difficulty to read Easy to read map/
map/symbols (5pts) map/symbols (8pts) symbols (10pts)
Geography Chapter 1 Notes
Compass Rose
Cardinal Directions – N, S, E, and W
Intermediate Directions – NE, NW, SE, and SW
geography: geo – earth (Greek) graphy – science of (to write)
Geographers ask: Where are things located?
Why are they there?
The 5 Themes of Geography
1) Location – absolute location – uses latitude and longitude – exact
location
relative location – in relation to other things, such as
street, community, city, state, country
2) Place - physical features (God made) – rivers, hills, mountains, lakes,
etc.
human features (people made) – canals, buildings, bridges,
roads
3) Human-Environment Interaction
How people and the environment affect each other – pollution,
buildings, products, drought, water travel, natural resources, jobs,
etc.
4) Movement
How people, goods, and ideas get from one place to another – cars,
trucks, boats, trains, walk, animals, planes, etc. (communication)
talking, phones, Internet, satellites, TV, etc.
5) Regions
What places have in common or the same – river, mountains,
population, climate, religions, vegetation, rainfall, elevation,
recreation, jobs, etc.
Kinds of Maps
1) political – shows the borders of states or countries
2) physical – elevation – how high/low the land is
3) regions -
- vegetation – shows the plants that grow
- climate – shows the weather a long period of time or a year
- population – shows the number of people
4) mental – a picture in your head or mind
5) orange peel map – shows what the outside layer of the earth’s sphere
would look like
6) projections –
- Mercator
- Interrupted
- Equal Area
- Peters
- Robinson – mostly used
7) pirate map
8) road map
9) globe
Maps have or Parts of a map
titles symbols key or legend compass rose
distance scale latitude and longitude lines hemispheres
