History-York

Final Exam Review Answer Key

1. Explain the significant details of the following:

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

Starting at St. Louis in 1804, this was the first significant American exploration of the Louisiana Purchase and Oregon Territory .  Traveling along the Missouri River, the explorers were able to gather a wealth of scientific and geographic information and to determine there was no all-water route across the American continent.

Sacagawea

A Shoshone woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography helped to guide the Lewis & Clark expedition and enable it to have mostly peaceful relations with the Native Americans.

Zebulon Pike

Traveling along the Arkansas River to the Rocky Mountains in 1806, his expedition brought back valuable descriptions of the Great Plains and Rio Grande river valley.

The Louisiana Purchase

Acquired from France in 1803 for $15 million or three cents an acre, it doubled the size of the U.S.   Napoleon, France’s powerful leader, sold it to pay for his costly war against Great Britain .

John Tyler

Became the first US Vice President to assume the office of President due to the death of the President.  Popular war hero, William Henry Harrison, died one month after taking office.

Martin Van Buren

Andrew Jackson’s Vice President.  He became President after Jackson because of Jackson ’s popularity but soon became unpopular due to the Panic of 1837.   He was not re-elected.

Whig Party

Opposing the concentration of power in the Presidency, this party was founded by Jackson opponents including Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.   Their first presidential candidate, William Henry Harrison, won the 1840 election.

Democratic Party

The political party founded by Andrew Jackson and his supporters.   They considered themselves the defenders of the people.

Jacksonian Democracy

The idea of spreading political power to all people and ensuring majority rule.   It arose from the Election of 1824 and the feeling on the part of Jackson that privileged, wealthy Easterners had stolen the election from him and given it to John Quincy Adams.

Trail of Tears

The forced removal of the Cherokees under the Indian Removal Act.   The harsh journey from their homeland to Indian Territory ( Oklahoma ) resulted in one-fourth dying.

The Doctrine of Nullification

In response to the 1828 tariff, also known as the “Tariff of Abominations”, South Carolina and John C. Calhoun argued that a state had the right to “nullify” or reject a federal law that it considered unconstitutional.    In a famous debate, Sen. Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina defended it saying it gave states a lawful way to protest and maintain freedom.  Daniel Webster of Massachusetts countered that the people, not states, made the Union.

The Mormons

A religious group, founded in Upstate New York by Joseph Smith, that settled in Utah .  Some people did not like their practice of polygamy – a man having more than one wife.

Brigham Young

Became leader of the Mormons after Joseph Smith was killed by a mob in 1844.  Led his people from Illinois to Utah.

The Oregon Trail

A trail used by settlers migrating to the Northwestern part of the U.S.   It ran from Independence, Missouri to the Oregon Territory .

The Santa Fe Trail

A trail used by traders that ran from Independence, Missouri to Sante Fe, New Mexico in Mexican Territory .  Traffic on the trail grew as news spread that traders could become rich.

The Bear Flag Revolt

A rebellion of Americans, led by John C. Fremont, which freed California from Mexican rule.

Manifest Destiny

A phrase coined by John O’Sullivan that the United States was destined to expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. Many Americans believed it was God’s will that they do so.

Mexican Cession

A vast region of land given to the US under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the Mexican War.   It included all or parts of seven western states including California, Nevada and Utah .

James K. Polk

A US President committed to national expansion (Manifest Destiny).   Added during his four years as President were Texas, Oregon and the Mexican Cession.  He sent troops into the Rio Grande Valley which was a region claimed by both Mexico and U.S. helping to start the Mexican War.

Zachary Taylor

A Mexican War hero that became President in 1849.   He defeated Santa Anna and the Mexican army in northern Mexico at the Battle of Buena Vista.

Black Codes

A series of laws passed by Southern state legislatures limiting the freedom of former slaves.

Monroe Doctrine

Issued by President Monroe in 1823, it stated that North and South America were closed to colonization and that Europe should stay out of Latin American affairs.

2. Describe foreign policy issues faced by President Washington.

Great Britain , France and Native Americans had competing claims for lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.   To bolster their claims the Spanish threatened to close the port of New Orleans and stirred up trouble between Native Americans and white settlers in the Southeast.  The British maintained forts in the Northwest Territory in violation of the Treaty of Paris and aided Native Americans in their clashes with white settlers.

3. What is the difference between a strict constructionist and a loose constructionist?

A strict constructionist believes that the government has only the powers that Constitution says it has – i.e., a narrow interpretation.   A loose constructionist believes in a broad and flexible interpretation of the Constitution and relies on the “necessary and proper” clause in the Constitution to expand the government’s duties.   Jefferson and Madison were strict constructionists.   Hamilton was a loose constructionist.

4. How did President Washington feel about political parties?

He was against them and believed that they would split and weaken our nation.

5. Describe the “necessary and proper clause” found in the Constitution?

Also known as the elastic clause, this section of the Constitution gives Congress powers not specifically granted to it in other parts of the Constitution and makes it more flexible in meeting unexpected situations.   Hamilton pointed to it as the constitutional support for a national bank.

6. Why did wheat farmers make whiskey from their grain?

It was more easily carried to market in a liquid form, it was more profitable and it could be used to trade for other products.

7. Describe the significance of the Supreme Court’s ruling in the case of Marbury v. Madison .

It established the principal of Judicial Review in which the Supreme Court has the final say in interpreting the Constitution.  It helped to create a balance among the three branches of government.

8. Who was the French leader who sold the U.S. land in order to pay for his wars?

Napoleon

9. What were Jefferson’s instructions to Lewis and Clark on how to deal with the Native Americans they would encounter?

Establish good and peaceful relations with all tribes.

10. Who is the composer of the “Star Spangled Banner”?

Francis Scott Key

11. What were the results of the war of 1812?

It increased American patriotism; it weakened Native American resistance; and it encouraged the growth of American manufacturing.

12. What purposes were served by spirituals on Southern plantations?

They permitted slaves to express their religious beliefs in these religious folk songs.   They also often informed slaves about a planned escape or an owner’s unexpected return contained in coded messages.

13. What did the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 accomplish?

Florida was handed over to the U.S. by Spain and Spain also gave up its claims to the Oregon Country.

14. Describe the sectional interests of the Northeast, West, and the South.

The South wanted laws protecting slavery and promoting the trade of cotton and other agricultural goods; the Northeast wanted laws protecting and promoting the manufacturing and trading of goods; settlers in the West wanted cheap land and good transportation.

15. Why was the Missouri Compromise important to the nation?

It kept the balance of power between slave and free states by admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.  It also banned slavery north of the parallel 36 degrees and 30 minutes.

16. Name the developments that caused manufacturing to grow in the U.S. between 1800 and 1840.

The use of interchangeable parts to speed up production; transportation improvements such as the steamboat and better roads that allowed products to be shipped to distant regions; the British blockade during the War of 1812 forced the U.S. to manufacture many products they could no longer get from international sources; and a single currency that was promoted by a national bank.

17. Name some inventions that linked different regions of the country together.

Steam locomotive, steamboat, and telegraph (transportation and communication inventions)

18. What made New England an attractive place to start factories?

Many fast moving rivers were located there; also they had many ships and easy access to the ocean; and poor soil gave farming families an incentive to take jobs as factory workers.

19. What were the consequences of the slave rebellion led by Nat Turner?

Turner was hanged; 200 African-Americans were killed in revenge; many harsh laws were passed to further restrict African-American’s freedoms.

20. How did the War of 1812 encourage the growth of U.S. manufacturing?

The British coastal blockade kept European products from reaching the U.S. so Americans needed to make their own products.

21. What is the “Spoils System”?

The practice of giving government jobs by political office holders to their political backers whether or not they are qualified for the jobs.  It was practiced in the Jackson administration.

22. What were the major themes of Andrew Jackson’s presidency?

As the first President who was not from a Virginia plantation or aristocratic New England family, he claimed to represent the “common man”;  he supported removal of Native Americans from their tribal lands; supported the federal government against the Nullification Doctrine; he opposed the Second Bank of the United States.

23. Describe the political career of John C. Calhoun.

A Senator from South Carolina who was Andrew Jackson’s first Vice President.   As a young congressman he spoke out for the need for a strong central government.   However, concerned over South Carolina ’s economic and political well-being he became the foremost champion of states’ rights.

24. Why was the tariff passed in 1828 called the Tariff of Abominations?

It significantly raised tariffs on raw materials and manufactured goods.  Southerners were outraged.  They had to sell cotton at low prices to be competitive and pay high prices for manufactured goods.  They felt this tariff greatly favored the industrial North over the agrarian South.

25. What made Harriet Tubman famous?

She was the most famous “conductor” of the Underground Railroad which was as series of escape routes for slaves seeking freedom in the North.

26. What do the women’s rights movement and the abolitionist movement have in common?

Both groups supported efforts to obtain civil rights for groups of people who were being denied certain rights by law.

27. What problems did free African Americans face?

The lack of education.   Even in the North, most public schools barred African-American children.   Few colleges accepted blacks.

28. What made Frederick Douglas and Sojourner Truth effective abolitionist speakers?

They had both been slaves and they were gifted speakers.

29. What were the results of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

The residents of the two territories were allowed to decide the issue of allowing slavery in their territory (popular sovereignty).  It angered abolitionists because the banning of slavery in the northern territories under the Missouri Compromise was repealed.  It led to violence in Kansas over permitting slavery.

30. What was Stephen Douglas’s role in the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

He drafted the bill splitting the Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska and allowing the question of permitting slavery in both territories to be decided by popular sovereignty.

31. Describe the 15^th Amendment.

It gave all male citizens the right to vote regardless of race or color.  It did not give women the right to vote.

32. Describe the 14^th Amendment.

It stated that all people born in the United States were citizens and that they have equal protection of the laws.

33. Describe the 13^th Amendment

Banned slavery in the United States .

34. Describe Alexander Hamilton's beliefs.

He was a Federalist.  He believed that in a strong central government that would give more power to the national government than the state governments.   He believed in a broad interpretation of the Constitution so that the federal government would be strong.  A strong government would be able to create a national bank, raise revenues to pay off war debts and support business and industry.

35. Describe the Whiskey Rebellion.

Farmers in western Pennsylvania revolted against a tax on whiskey.  Because they normally traded whiskey for as salt, sugar and other goods they needed, they had little money to pay the tax.

36. What happened in the presidential election of 1800?

There was a tie vote in the Electoral College between Jefferson and Aaron Burr.  The election went to the House of Representatives which took 36 votes before electing Jefferson. 

37. Describe Thomas Jefferson and his beliefs.

He wanted the nation to be a nation of small independent farmers and use the enormous amount of available land to keep people from crowding into cities.

38. What treaty ended the War of 1812?

Treaty of Ghent

39. Describe Judicial Review.

The US Supreme Court has the final say in interpreting the Constitution.

40. Describe the Hartford Convention.

A gathering of Northeastern states in 1815 to protest what they believed was the extraordinary influence and power southern states had in Congress and the Presidency.  They threatened to secede from the Union.

41. What happened in McCullough v. Maryland ?

The Supreme Court strengthened the federal government by ruling that a state couldn’t tax a national bank.

42. What happened in Gibbons v. Ogden ?

The Supreme Court strengthened the federal government in a dispute between NY and NJ over regulation of shipping rights.   It ruled that the federal government, not states, had authority of interstate commerce.

43. What were the results of Andrew Jackson’s Bank War?

The Second Bank of the United States went out of business when Jackson deposited federal government funds in state banks instead of the Second Bank.

44. Who were the supporters of John Quincy Adams?

National Republicans primarily consisting of New Englanders and according to Jackson, privileged, wealthy easterners and the educated elite.

45. Name the differences between the Panic of 1837, Inflation, and Depression.

Panic of 1837 was a widespread fear about the state of the economy shortly after Van Buren became President; Inflation is the increase in prices due to the increase in money and the decrease in the value of money; depression was a severe economic slump caused by the failure of the money system as the federal government tried to get money from the state banks that couldn’t pay.

46. What caused the Panic of 1837?

People speculated in public lands using borrowed money.   State banks issued too much money to pay for this speculation causing inflation.  To fight inflation, Jackson required people to pay in gold causing a run on gold in the banks.

47. What new political party of the 1830's attracted supporters of Andrew Jackson?

Democratic Party

48. How did the U.S. gain Oregon ?

An agreement between Great Britain and the Polk administration to set the jointly occupied territory’s border at the 49 ^th parallel which is today’s border with Canada .

49. Why did the Mormons settle in Utah ?

The felt this desolate desert setting would be a place where they could practice their religion in peace.

They were also using it as an escape from religious persecution.  

50. What was the Compromise of 1850? What effect did it have on slavery?

A compromise between the free (Northern) and slaveholding (Southern) states.   The North got California admitted as a free state and slavery abolished in Washington DC .  The South got a law to help slaveholders recapture runaway slaves and the agreement that Congress would not pass laws restricting slavery in territories won from Mexico . 

51. How did the Supreme Court add to the tensions over slavery in the 1850’s?

The Dred Scott decision overturned the Missouri Compromise ruling that Congress could not ban slavery in any United States territory.

52. What was the Democratic Party’s platform in the election of 1860?

Northern Democrats supported popular sovereignty.  

53. What happened when the Southern states seceded from the Union?

They dissolved their ties and withdrew from the Union.

54. How did the outbreak of the outbreak of the War with Mexico revive disagreements over slavery?

Southerners saw into lands acquired from Mexico as a chance to extend slavery and Northerners wanted to stop it.

55. Describe popular sovereignty.

It is a system where the residents in a region or state decide key issues.   It was employed to decide the issue of slavery in Kansas and Nebraska .

56. Describe Uncle Tom's Cabin.

A book by Harriet Beecher Stowe that portrayed the moral issues of slavery.  It was very popular in the North and disliked by the South and a false portrayal of slavery.

57. Describe Fort Sumter, South Carolina .

This federal fort in Charleston harbor fired upon by the Confederates.   It triggered the Civil War.

58. Describe the Dred Scott decision.

The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott could not sue for his freedom because he was not a U.S. citizen.  He had a slave but had been taken to live in territories where slavery was illegal.

59. List the goals of the Civil War for the North.

The Anaconda plan which called for a naval blockade of the Southern coastline to cut off trade and weaken the South’s economy.

60. List the goals of the Civil War for the South.

Fight a defensive war and use King Cotton to win foreign support

61. What advantages did the each side have over the other in the Civil War?

North – much larger population, most of the nation’s factories, more than double the railroad mileage of the South and all the naval power and shipyards

South – More able generals, fighting a defensive war and defending their homeland

62. What battle had the bloodiest day of the Civil War?

Antietam

63. What was the turning point of the war?

Gettysburg

64. Why did the South refer to the cotton crop as “King Cotton”?

Because cotton was important in the world markets.   The South planned to withhold it from the market to force France and England to support its cause.

65. How did President Grant oppose the Ku Klux Klan?

He supported an anti-Klan bill to stop their terror against blacks.

66. Who was John Brown? What happened at Harpers Ferry? Why?

An ardent abolitionist who unsuccessfully tried to raid a federal arsenal and capture weapons.  He hoped to arm local slaves so they could fight for their freedom.

67. What brought Reconstruction to an end in the South?

The Compromise of 1877 which insured Rutherford B. Hayes would get disputed electoral votes and win the Presidency.

68 .  What was the impact of Panic of 1873?

      Because of their own economic problems, Northerners lost interest in the South and Reconstruction.

May 5 - 9

Monday

• Compare and Contrast the Gettysburg Address and Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural Address.
• Due Tuesday at the beginning of the period.

Tuesday

• Anser Chapter 18 Section 3 questions (Answer Key Below)

Wednesday

• Complete Chapter 18 review

Thursday

• Review Reconstruction

Friday

• Reconstruction Celebration of Knowledge

Objective Questions

Chapter 18 Section 3

1. How did Grant’s victory in 1868 highlight the role of free African-American voters?     

-most of the 500,000 African-American voters in the South voted for Grant.   He won the popular vote by 306,000 votes.

2. How did the 15^th Amendment protect the rights of African Americans?

-It gave African American men to the constitutional right to vote

3. Why did some women protest the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment?

-They did not believe it was right that uneducated immigrants and freedmen could vote and decide who was going to make laws that would affect educated white women.

4. How did President Grant and Congress challenge the power of the Ku Klux Klan?

-Grant and Congress passed the anti-Klan bill.  Federal Marshals then arrested thousands of Klansmen.

5. How did scandals weaken Grant’s administration and support for the Republican Party?

-They caused division within the party.  Grant hired his Army Friends and his wife’s relatives to jobs they were not qualified to do.   A few of them took bribes from people not wanting to pay certain taxes.    Some Republicans left the party and formed the Liberal Republican party.  In their division, Republicans could no longer support tough Reconstruction legislation.  Reconstruction began to fail.

6. How did economic problems hurt the Republican Party?

-The Panic of 1873 was blamed on the Republicans

7. How did the Supreme Court decisions affect civil rights for African-Americans in the South?

- U.S. v. Cruikshank –ruled that the Federal Government could not punish individuals who violated the civil rights of African Americans.  Only the states had that power.  Most states in the South did not enforce civil rights laws concerning African Americans

            - U.S. v. Reese - the court ruled that the 15^th Amendment did not give everyone the right to vote it merely listed the grounds on which states could not deny the vote.  States soon adopted other policies for voting that were meant to exclude African Americans

8. Why did the presidential election of 1876 lead to the end of Reconstruction?

-Democrats allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to be elected to office if he promised to end certain aspects of Reconstruction. (see page 532)

9. What issues were involved in the Compromise of 1877?

-The government would remove federal troops from the South

-the government would provide land grants and loans for the construction of railroads linking the south to the west coast.

-Southern officials would receive federal funds for construction and improvement projects.

-Hayes would appoint a Democrat to his cabinet.

-The Democrats promised to respect African American’s civil and political rights

April 22-25

Tuesday

• Go over page 1 and 2 of Civil War Packet
• Complete Pages 3, 4, and 5 for tomorrow

Wednesday

• Go over pages 3, 4, and 5
• Complete pages 6, 7, 8, and 9 for tomorrow

Thursday

• Go over pages 6, 7, 8, and 9
• Complete pages 10, 11, and 12 for tomorrow

Friday

• Go over pages 10, 11, and 12
• Begin TAKS Review

April 14 - 18

Monday

• Chapter 13 Test Review
• Test Tomorrow!!

Tuesday

• Chapter 13 Celebration of Knowledge
• Begin Chapter 14 Packet

Wednesday

• Work on Chapter 14 Packet
• Review Sections 1 and 4

Thursday

• Quiz Section 1 and 4 Chapter 14
• Begin Section 1 and 2 of Chapter 15

Friday

• Review Section 1 and 2
• Begin Section 3 and 4

April 7 - 11

Monday

• Review Section 1 of Chapter 13
• Complete Section 2 of Chapter 13

Tuesday

• Math TAKS Test

Wednesday

• Chapter 13 Section 1 and 2 Quiz
• Begin Ch. 13 sections 3 (Due Thursday)

Thursday

• Review