Quiz Review for Chap. 16 (Environmental Hazards and Human Health):
The quiz will consist of matching and short-answered questions. 2nd period
quiz will take place on Thurs. (Jan. 26) and 8th period quiz will occur on
Tues. (Jan. 31).
Review the definitions of the following terms:
1) hazard
2) risk
3) morbidity
4) mortality
5) epidemiology
6) "sick building syndrome" (page 406, Fig. 16-13 caption has the definition
for sick building syndrome)
7) radon
8) risk assessment (or analysis)
9) risk management
10) risk perception
*The following terms from Chap. 20 (Hazardous Chemicals: Pollution and
Prevention) page 486 will be on the quiz.
11) acute
12) chronic
13) threshold level
14) LD50 (this term is found in the "Risk and Toxicology" notes)
Be able to list two different examples of the following hazards:
a)cultural
b)biological
c) physical
d) chemical
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"FRESHWATER QUALITY ANALYSIS" LAB REPORT (due by the end of the period):
On a sheet of notebook paper, you are to handwrite the lab report. The
following items must be included in your lab report:
1) Explain the importance of each factor tested (AND INCLUDE THE SOURCE OF THE
FACTOR)
2) Write the value (in ppm) that the class obtained for that factor
3) Indicate if the value for that factor was acceptable or not according to
the section from the notes titled "Standards for Water Quality". (If the
value is unacceptable, then make sure you indicate what was supposed to be
acceptable value or range of values for the factor tested.)
2nd period Freshwater Quality Results:
Carbon dioxide -- 4 ppm (Tony, Roman, and Adrian)
Ammonia -- 3 ppm -- max. value(the solution was much darker than 3.0)--
Jamilla, Vanessa, and Cassandra
Alkalinity -- 98 ppm (Caroline, Carmen, and Rachel)
Chloride -- 30 ppm (Hershey, Jordan, and Kendall)
Nitrite -- .2 ppm (Emma and Anna)
Dissolved Oxygen -- 60 ppm (Luis and Nohemi)
pH = 7.7 (Katherine and Dragana)
Hardness = 180 ppm (Daniel and Sabra)
8th period Results:
pH = 7.0 (Sumner, Amanda, and Sheridan)
NH3 (ammonia) = .96 ppm (Franco, Emma, and Moncerrad)
NO2- (nitrite) = 0 ppm (Brittany, Jeniz, Kristen, and Vanessa)
Alkalinity (CaCO3) = 140 ppm (Sumner, Amanda, and Sheridan)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) = 2 ppm (Nick, Alex, and Madeline)
Chloride (Cl) = 84 ppm (Benjamin, Emmanuel, and Adriana)
Hardness (CaCO3) = 148 ppm (Jonathan, Elliese, and William)
Dissolved oxygen (O2) = 12 ppm (Jonathan, Elliese, and William)
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Quiz Review for Chap. 9 "Water: Hydrologic Cycle and Human Use":
2nd period quiz will be on Mon. (Feb. 13) and 8th period's quiz will be on
Valentine's Day Tues. (Feb. 14)
Your quiz will contain matching and short-answered questions.
Study the following items:
1. relative humidity
2. evaporation
3. aerosols
4. adiabatic cooling
5. adiabatic warming
6. Hadley cell
7. rain shadow
8. watershed
9. aquifer
10. estuary
11. sinkhole
12. gray water
13. xeriscaping
14. drip irrigation system (page 231)
1) Water is used (globally) for irrigation (70%), industry (20%), and human
consumption (10%); in less developed countries, water is used mostly for
irrigation, but in developed countries, water is used mostly for
industries (page 223)
2) You need to know the steps that must occur when your drinking water is
being treated at a drinking water treatment plant (page 224). Be able to
describe what happens at each step, YOU CAN'T JUST LIST THE STEPS).
a) settling (what do the alum salts do to the water?)
b) filtration (using beds of sand particles to do what to the water?)
c) adsorption (using activated carbon to do what to the water?)
d) biological oxidation (aerobic bacteria are added to do what?)
e) distillation process (what happens during this process?)
f) disinfection (what happens during this process?)
3) Describe the three effects of increased runoff from storms due to human
developmemnt/interference:
a) flooding
b) stream-bank erosion
c) increased pollution in natural water environments (pagess 233-235)
4) How does channelization help with water runoff from storms?
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Test Review for Chap. 9 (Hydrologic Cycle and Human Use) and Chap. 18 (Water
Pollution and its Prevention):
8th period test will occur on Tues. Feb. 21 and 2nd period test will occur on
Wed. Feb. 22.
Chap. 9 Review
1. You need to know that most of the Earth's water is found in oceans (about
97%) and only about 3% is found in freshwater (polar ice caps and glaciers
make up 1.7% of the 3% freshwater).
2. Review the term "relative humidity".
3. Study Figure 9-4 on page 216 (regarding the formation of condensation and
precipitation).
4. You need to know that as a cold front moves into an area, warm, moist air
already in an area is forced upward because the cold air of the advancing
front is denser. The rising warm air cools, causing condensation and
precipitation along the leading edge of a cold front (page 217).
5. Review the concept "rain shadow" (page 218, Figure 9-6). "As moisture-laden
air in trade winds encounter a mountain range, the air is deflected upward,
causing cooling and high precipitation on the windward side of a mountain
range. As the air crosses the range and descends on the other side
(leeward/downwind) side, it becomes warmer and increases its capacity to
pick up moisture".
6. You need to know the term "watershed", "gravitational water", and
"aquifer".
7. Review Figure 9-10 on page 222. It depicts the different ways in which
humans pollute groundwater and surface water.
8. Review the steps to purifying "drinking" water (found on page 224 "Water
Purification" steps 1-6 and page 225 Figure 9-13.
9. Review the terms "estuary, land subsidence, sinkhole, saltwater intrusion,
xeriscaping, and gray water".
10.You need to know that dams are used for: 1) generating electricity,
2) flood control, and 3) recreational activities. Problems with dams are:
1) they interfere with migration of some animals (i.e. salmon will not be
be able to swim upstream to spawn), 2) they can displace local residents
(including animal habitats) that live near that particular river, and 3)
dams could cause a build-up of sediment upstream and even flooding upstream
(behind the body of the dam).
Chap. 18 Review
1. You need to know the definition of the term "hypoxia".
2. You need to know how point sources of pollution differ from nonpoint
sources of pollution. "Point sources involve the discharge of pollutants
from factories, sewage systems, power plants, underground coal mines, and
oil wells". Point sources are easy to identify, and are easier to monitor
and regulate. "Nonpoint sources of pollution include agricultural runoff,
storm water drainage, and atmospheric deposition". Nonpoint sources are
difficult to identify (in terms of which farms or residential houses
released the water pollutants).
3. Study Figure 18-2 on page 442 (Point and nonpoint sources)
4. Review the term "BOD--biological oxygen demand and bed load".
5. You need to know how the term "eutrophication" differs from "oligotrophic".
6. The ecological sequence of events that will result from eutrophication:
a. nutrient enrichment in an aquatic environment (increase of phosphates
and nitrates in water).
b. growth and die-off of phytoplankton
c. accumulation of detritus (dead organic matter)
d. growth of aerobic bacteria (leads to an increase in biological oxygen
demand)
e. depletion of dissolved oxygen
f. suffocation or hypoxia of higher organisms
7. You need to know that cultural eutrophication occurs due to human
activities such as poor farming practices, urban runoff (poor storm
drainage system), and poorly constructed sewage-treatment plants.
8. Storm drains collect runoff water from precipitation and places that water
back into a lake.
9. Sanitary sewers receive all wastewater from sinks, tubs, and toilets in
homes/buildings
10. You need to know the four categories of pollutants that must be removed
from wastewater:
a. debris and grit
b. particulate organic material (fecal matter, urine, food wastes in
garbage disposal, toilet paper, and etc.)
c. colloidal and dissolved organic material: very fine organic material
(can't be seen with the naked eye), detergents, microorganisms, and
etc.
d. dissolved inorganic material (nitrates, phosphates, ammonia, and etc.)
11. You need to know the steps for removing pollutants from sewage:
a. preliminary treatment (bar screen and grit chamber)
b. primary treatment (settling of large organic material, and pouring off
the water).
c. secondary treatment (biological treatment)-- aerobic bacteria is added
to the water to break down the organic matter (amino acids and glucose)
in an oxygenated tank
d. final cleansing and disinfection -- uses chlorine, ozone (expensive to
use), or UV radiation to kill the bacteria
e.* the left over sludge can be converted into a compost where bacteria or
worms break down the organic matter into inorganic matter; the product
can be used as fertilizer for crop land
12. You need to know how a septic tank system works -- wastewater flows into
a tank where organic matter settles to the bottom of the tank (bacteria
will break down the organic matter into inorganic matter). The water can
be used to water fields near a house.
13. You need to know the provisions of the Clean Water Act (1972) -- requires
permits for any discharge of point sources of pollution into lakes and
ponds, set aside money to help municipalities to construct wastewater
(or sewage) treatment plants.
14. The 1987 amendment to the Clean Water Act addressed non-point sources of
pollution with requirements that states have to assess the problem and
implement a plan for dealing with it.
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Chap. 14 "Nuclear Power: Promise and Problems" Quiz Review:
2nd period will have their quiz on Mon. March 19th and 8th period will have
their quiz on Tues. March 20th.
The items below that have a star (*) next to the numbers will be on your quiz:
Your quiz will contain only short-answered questions.
*1) Uranium-235 is the most common isotope used by nuclear power plants
for fuel. Uranium is an unstable isotope.
*2) In a nuclear fission, a neutron splits the nuclei of atoms (e.g.
Uranium-235), releasing heat energy, fission fragments, neutrons, and
unstable radioactive isotopes. Unstable isotopes become stable by
spontaneously emitting alpha particles (fast-moving postively charged
particles), beta particles (high-speed electrons) or high-energy
radiation (gamma rays).
Gamma rays are examples of ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation are
energy waves that have enough energy to break chemical bonds or change the
structure of molecules in ways that impair their normal functions.
Ionizing radiation from alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays
can mutate an organism's DNA and destroy their cells.
Released neutrons can strike another Uranium-235 nuclei, releasing heat,
fission fragments, and neutrons.
*3) A self-amplifying chain reaction occurs when the high energy neutrons
(released from a previous reaction) collide with other isotope
nuclei -- leads to a nuclear explosion.
*4) A sustaining chain reaction occurs when the extra neutrons are absorbed
by control rods (so amplification doesn't occur).
*5) How is Uranium-235 enriched (how is it's concentration increased)?pg.345
*6) What is the purpose of a moderator--coolant? (most common type of
moderator-coolant in the U.S. is pure liquid water)pg. 347
*7) How do control rods regulate the fission chain reaction? (pg. 348)
*8) What causes a meltdown? (pg. 348)
*9) A half-life is the amount of time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a
given quantity of a radioisotope to decay. The decay continues, often
producing a series of different radioisotopes, until a nonradioactive
isotope is formed.
*10)A radioisotope must be stored in a safe container for a certain period of
time (usually 10 half-lives) before it is considered safe.
11) Spent fuel rods (or fuel elements) are first stored in deep swimming
pool-like tanks on the sites of nuclear power plants.
12) The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident in 1986 was caused by engineers when they
were conducting a test of diesel generators. They disabled the power
plant's safety systems, removed the control rods, shut off the flow of
steam to the generators, and decreased the flow of coolant water in the
reactor. Chernobyl's nuclear power plant didn't have a protective
concrete-based containment shell.
13) Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident in 1979 (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania)
occurred because of equipment failures and a flawed nuclear power plant
design. The nuclear power plant only suffered a partial meltdown. The
steam generator shut down automatically because of a lack of power in its
feedwater pumps, and eventually a pressure valve on top of the generator
opened in response to the buildup of pressure. The valve remained in the
open position and drained coolant water from the reactor vessel.
14) A breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor that, in the course of producing
energy, also converts nonfissionable uranium-238 into fissionable
plutonium-239, which can be used as fuel. Hence, a reactor that produces
at least as much nuclear fuel as it consumes. Problem-- plutonium is
much powerful than uranium-235.
15) A fusion reactor involves joining together of two atoms to form a single
atom of a heavier element. When light atoms such as hydrogen are fused,
tremendous amount of energy is released. Most fusion designs use
deuterium (H2)and tritium (H3) in what is called the d-t reaction.
Deuterium is a naturally occurring nonradioactive isotope and can be
extracted from hydrogen in seawater. Tritium is an unstable gaseous
radioactive isotope that must be produced artificially.
16) Nuclear fusion is more of an energy consumer than a producer. It takes
an extremely high temperature and pressure to get hydrogen atoms to fuse.
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Chap. 22 Atmospheric Pollution Terms
1) industrial smog
2) photochemical smog
3) temperature inversion
4) source of suspended particulate matter (particulates)?
5) source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
6) source of carbon monoxide (CO)?
7) source of nitrogen oxides (NOx)?
8) source of sulfur oxides (SOx)?
9) source of lead?
10) source of tropospheric ozone (O3)?
11) primary pollutants (particulates, VOCs, CO, NOx, SOx and lead)
12) vehicle exhaust releases VOCs, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides which
lead to ground-level ozone and PANs
13) secondary pollutants (ozone, peroxylacetyl nitrates (PANs),sulfuric acid,
nitric acid)
14) acid precipitation (ph < or = 5.5)
15) limestone rocks (CaCO3) = natural buffers in water reservoirs
16) Clean Air Act of 1970 (CAA) -- set the standards for five air pollutants
(amended in 1990 -- included 188 toxic air pollutants)
17) catalytic converter -- change vehicle VOCs, CO, and NOx to carbon dioxide
to less harmful gases such as carbon dioxide
18) point sources of air pollution (e.g factories, power plants)
19) nonpoint sources of air pollution (e.g. cars, trucks, houses)
20) scrubbers for coal plants -- decrease SO2 emissions into the air
21) emission allowances (or "cap and trade" plan)
22) CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) auto standards -- miles per gallon
driven by an average car
23) "emissions free" vehicles -- powered by electricity
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Common Air Pollutants Quiz Review:
2nd period will have their quiz on Mon. April 9 and 8th period will have their
quiz on Tues. April 10.
For the quiz, you will have to list the following air pollutants and for each
one, provide at least two sources and two health effects.
1) Ozone (O3)
2) VOCs
3) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
4) Carbon monoxide (CO)
5) Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) -- be able to write the sources and
health effects for PM2.5 and PM10
6) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
7) Lead
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Atmosphere and Air Pollution Test Review
The test will contain 50 multiple-choice questions. You need to review Chap.
22 Atmospheric Pollution key terms. There will be a few questions over Chap.
21 "Depletion of the Ozone Layer" pages 528-533 so you need to study how the
ozone shield is formed and how chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) break down the ozone
into chlorine monoxide and oxygen gas. There will also be a few questions over
the structure and temperature profile of the atmosphere (page 511; Figure
21-2) -- troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
Study the characteristics of the other greenhouse gases (pages 519-520).
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Chap. 21 The Atmosphere: Climate, Climate Change, and Ozone Depletion Quiz
Review Information:
2nd period will have their quiz on Tues. (April 17th) and 8th period will have
their quiz on Wed. (April 18th). The quiz will contain matching and
short-answered questions.
You need to study the following terms for the quiz:
1) weather
2) climate
3) front
4) Hadley cell
5) El Nino
6) La Nino
7) The Oceanic Conveyor System -- North Atlantic Deep Water System
(Figure 21-8) page 516
8) Be able to explain the mechanism that would shut down the Oceanic Conveyor
System (page 516 -- second column) -- the influx of freshwater (from
melting polar ice caps) into the N. Atlantic lowered the density of the
seawater. Usually the cold, salty water would sink to the bottom and
travel southward towards to the Southern portion of the Atlantic Ocean.
9) global climate change
10) greenhouse effect
11) greenhouse gases
12) planetary albedo
13) sulfate haze (page 517; Figure 21-9)
Be able to list two different sources for the following greenhouse gases:
1) carbon dioxide
2) water vapor (most abundant greenhouse gas)
3) methane
4) nitrous oxide
5) CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
