G
Global History Review II
Review Unit #12
Age of Revolutions
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
- Scientific Method: a process used to answer scientific questions
- it helped bring into question the common acceptance that God caused everything to happen.
- Question the Church and Ancient philosopher, such as Aristotle, as the answer to all .
- proved the Sun was the center of the Solar System (Heliocentric Theory)
- this proved that the church could be wrong about something (the Church had said the Earth was the center)
- Persecuted for beliefs.
- Heliocentric Theory: “sun-centered” theory - it raised the question, “If the Church could be wrong about this issue,
could it be wrong about other issues?” - such as divine right?
Geocentric theory - or that the earth was the center of the solar system was wrong.
AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
A time when people were enlightened (exposed) to new ideas and ways of thinking - especially about politics
- Age of Reason: people used reason to guide them in their decisions (this comes from the scientific approach to learning)
· Enlightenment thinkers:
- John Locke:
§ all people have certain rights
§ governments should protect people’s rights
§ if the government does not – people can overthrow the government
- Other Enlightenment thinkers:
§ Jean Jacques Rousseau:
§ 1.There is a social contract between people and govt.
§ 2. the majority should rule.
§ Barron de Montesquieu: there should be a separation of powers –executive, judicial, legislative and Checks and Balances.
§ Voltaire: Personal freedoms, religious tolerance and freedom of the press and speech.
§ wrote plays and stories that poked fun of nobility and absolute government.
§ His work is responcible for the first Amendment for the United States Constitution.
§ Ceasar Beccaria – stop the practice of torture and rights for prisoners.
§ Mary Wollstonecraft – championed womans rights and mother to Frankenstien author Mary Shelley.
Their influence: the ideas expressed by Enlightenment thinkers got people to consider changing their governments (from Monarchies to Republics)
POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS
Political Revolutions: when people began to change their kind of government (from Monarchies to Republics)
· American Revolution:
- American colonies broke away from Great Britain
- They followed John Locke’s ideas (Britain was not protecting the colonists’ rights)
- first time a modern nation ended a monarchy and started a Republic
(became an example to people in other monarchies)
· French Revolution:
- poor peasants were tired of the King (Louis XVI) taxing them and not taxing the rich nobles
- they revolted and executed many nobles (reign of terror) – including King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette
- overthrowing (and executing) a King was a big step in Europe – it motivated other people to think about doing it
- Robespierre created a dictatorship and the Reign of Terror.
- the new government was weak and was later taken over by Napoleon Bonaparte
· Latin American Revolutions:
- Latin Americans were tired of being controlled by the Spanish, Portuguese, and French (mostly the Spanish)
- they were inspired by the success of the American and French Revolutions
- Toussaint L’Overture – leads fist revolution against Napoleans France and wins. Dies in a French cell.
- their revolutions were led by Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin.
Review Unit #13
Reactions to Political Revolutions
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
- the new government of France (after the Revolution) was weak – Napoleon took it over and made himself Emperor
- he made France strong again
- improved the economy
- created public education
- created the Napoleonic Code (set of laws for everyone to follow)
- built a huge army
- used the huge army to take over most of Europe
- spread the seeds of the French Revolution (democracy) to other areas of Europe
- was finally defeated and banished to a far away island (St. Helena) and died there
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
- a meeting of European leaders
- Conservative: to reorganize Europe the way it was before Napoleon took over
- put borders back the way they were
- reinstall kings and Queens that had been in power
- Balance of Power: don’t let any one nation in Europe get so powerful again
1848: there were many small revolutions all over Europe that year
NATIONALISM
Nationalism is the act of creating a nation.
Nations are blindly following a King… there are a common language, customs, history, religion that you share with your fellow citizens.
- Unifying Nationalism: when people that have common binds decide to come together to form a new nation
- GERMANY: organized by Otto von Bismarck
- ITALY: organized by Giuseppe Garibaldi
- Separating Nationalism: when different ethnic groups within a nation want to form their own – separate nations
- AUSTRIA: Hungarians, Serbs, Germans, and other small ethnic groups wanted their own nations
- Independence Nationalism: when a colony wants independence from another power
- LATIN AMERICA: wanted freedom from Spanish, Portuguese and French control
If you already have a nation – nationalism is the pride (patriotism) you have for that nation
RUSSIA
- was not affected by the revolutionary ideas that were sweeping the rest of Europe at this time
- freed their serfs (finally) in the middle of the 1800’s - This created a huge peasant class that was very poor
LATIN AMERICA
- after the revolutions – not much changed
- the Europeans left
- rich land owners became the new leaders (they paid the military to support them)
- poor peasants remained poor peasants - the revolution had little affect on them
- rural (out in the country) gang leaders called caudillos terrorized peasants and controlled large rural areas
- The Roman Catholic Church continued to try to keep peace between the strong (caudillos and landowners) and the weak (peasants)
Mexican Revolution (1910-1930)
- Causes:
- Wealth was all going to a small upper class.
- Separation of the rich and poor classes is the most common cause for revolution.
Review Unit #14
Industrial Revolution
TERMS
Agricultural Revolution: a change in the way food was produced (sometimes called the Agrarian Revolution)
Industrial Revolution: a change in the way things were made
· Domestic System: making products by hand – in a home – by one person
· Factory System: making products by machine – in a factory – using many people
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
New Methods: new machines, enclosed fields, crop rotation, better animal breeding
Results: - More food was produced for people – using less workers
- More food caused the population to grow
- Ex-farm workers moved out of the country and into the cities – for new jobs in the factories
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
5 Things a Nation should have to be successful industrially:
- Capital (Investment money) - Labor Force (workers) - Raw Materials
- Transportation System (Rivers, Canals, Railroads, Harbors) - Market for selling products
Great Britain was very successful industrially – because it had a lot of the above items
EFFECTS ON SOCIETY
BAD - Urbanization – too many people moved to the cities– too fast! à overcrowded, unsafe, unhealthy
- Poor Working Conditions – unsafe machinery and buildings, long work hours, low pay, child labor
GOOD - Improved Transportation – Faster and safer
- Rising Standard of Living – in general, more people had jobs, with regular pay, and could buy more things than before
REACTIONS TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Laissez-Faire:
- based on AdamSmith’s book The Wealth of Nations
- belief that governments should NOT interfere with business activities
- less regulation and laws is good for business
Liberalism vs. Conservatism:
- two different views about how society should work
- Conservatism:
o Society should try to preserve the old ways of doing things
o favored the old Monarchies
o wanted Nobles and the govt. to control business decisions
- Liberalism:
o As times change – societies should change
o supported the new Republics
o Laissez-Faire (no govt. involvement in business)
Social Darwinism:
- based on Charles Darwin’s book On the Origin of Species
o outlining the “theory of evolution” (survival of the fittest)
- Social Darwinism: Darwin’s survival ideas applied to social ideas:
o In business: do what ever you have to do to survive
o War: weed out the weaker nations
o Race relations: used to justify racism à which then increased
Social Reforms:
- Sadler Report: Report on the abuses of child labor à said it was NOT a good thing for society
- Child Labor: Laws were passed to get the kids out of the factories – and into public schools (which began then)
- Trade Unions: organized workers to demand better working conditions (less hours, better pay, safer conditions)
- Suffrage: extending the right to vote: first to all men – then to women as well
The Arts:
- Romanticism: art based on emotion – the dreams of revolution – fantasy, imagination, past glories
- Realism: art meant to show how the world really was – even the harsh realities of industrial revoluitionary life. – the works of Charles Dickens, photos
Impressionism: a reaction against Realism – looking to future dreams – based on an artist’s impression of real life.
Global Migration: large groups of people moved from some places on Earth to others
Reasons: overpopulation, poor living conditions, poor working conditions, oppressive governments, better transportation
- Leader (Diaz) brutally suppressed all opposition
- Revolution led by Zapta (leader of southern Native Americans) – “Poncho” Villa (northern bandit)
- Results:
- Rebels won – more rights and land to workers and women
- New Constitution: first Latin American country to give good changes to the common people
- More Mexican control of trade and industry (not foreign [Spanish] control)
Review Unit #15
Imperialism
EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM
Africa – “Scramble for Africa” 1870’s–1914
European nations looking for 1. Raw Materials 2. Markets for their products 3. Soldiers for army 4. Labor
- “Boer War” : Dutch settlers (Boers) vs. British for control of Southern Africa
India – Was a British colony - run by the British East India Company
- Sepoy Mutiny: a rebellion of Indian soldiers in the British Army (Sepoys lost)
- Jewel in the Crown – Britian largest colony, added 1 million soldiers to army.
China – China had resisted foreigners for centuries - were ethnocentric (thought their culture was better than others)
- Opium War : Britain vs. China Britain won – British imported opium for tea… created a demand for trade. This forced China to open up to trade.
- “Spheres of Influence” : selected areas of China where only certain foreign powers could trade
- Taiping Rebellion : Chinese citizens fought with their own government against the influx of foreigners (millions died)
- Boxer Rebellions : Chinese citizens fought foreign armies to get foreigners out of China (lost)
REASONS FOR EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM
Nationalistic – taking over other nations added to your nation’s power
- “Social Darwinism” : it was “natural” for strong nations to take over weaker ones (If you didn’t, someone else…)
Political (military) – colonies were important locations to set up overseas military bases
- colonies helped provide power and security
MAIN REASON à Economic – get raw materials for industry - establish new markets for trade products
NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON NATIVE PEOPLE
- Land and materials were stolen.
- Natives forced to adapt to European cultural or ways. (laws, religion, language, etc.)
- Local traditions were not considered and history was lost.
- Local economies had to change to meet European needs
Review Unit #16
The World Wars
WORLD WAR I
Causes: Countries had gained great armies through eh advances in the Industrial Revolution.
- National Rivalries: Competitive relationships between European powers - “Balance of Power” - Imperialism in Africa
- Militarism: new industrial technologies encouraged nations to create and stockpile more and more weapons
- Alliances: to balance the power – nations joined sides with other nations to protect one another
- Assassination: Archduke Ferdinand’s assassination sparked the alliances into starting World War I
Warfare: - Trench Warfare: fighting took place in “trenches” (long ditches that hardly moved throughout the war)
- Propaganda: organized information created to sway public opinion on an issue – both sides used it
Results: - Treaty of Versailles: Severely punished Germany à it indirectly led to some of the causes of World War II
- League of Nations: created to keep peace in the world – ended up being very ineffective
- New Europe: many of the old “Empires” and “Kingdoms” broken up à beginning of modern national states
BETWEEN THE WARS
Hitler’s rise to power:
- Germany’s poor economic situation caused them to look for a strong leader
- Hitler made promises to the people:
- Jobs (1. in the Army 2. in the factories making military supplies) ß against the Versailles Treaty!
- Get their Pride back (1. get Germany’s land back 2. build up the Army again)
Hitler’s Germany:
- Totalitarian Government – a type of government with total control of all parts of life (learning, art, literature, etc.) People have no rights … such freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of religion etc. It is the opposite of a democracy.
- Fascism: a type of government that is totalitarian – and – very nationalistic ( a lot of national pride)
- Nazi Ideas – Nazi’s were the political party that Hitler controlled and helped him control Germany
- wanted to develop the Aryan race
- wanted to expand German territory throughout Europe
- used extensive propaganda to spread their ideas and control the people
- The Holocaust – an event taking place during WWII – Jews and other minorities were concentrated and many killed
- Genocide – the mass killing of a race or culture of people
- Hitler’s plan:
1. Harass and torment the Jews – maybe they would leave on their own
2. Concentrate them – placed in concentration camps – separated them from “Germans”
3. The “Final Solution” – extermination in mass numbers
WORLD WAR II
In Europe: The focus of the European part of WWII was Allies against Germany
- German Aggression: Germany kept reclaiming lands lost after WWI (Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland, Poland)
- Appeasement: Britain and France kept allowing Hitler to take lands – because they did not want another war
- Mobil Warfare: blitzkrieg (lightning war), air war, naval war
- Modern Technology: effective use of airplanes and tanks, rockets introduced, development of atomic bomb
- Key Events: Battle of Britain, German invasion of USSR, Involvement of US, D-Day
- Germany: was divided up by the Allies – German officials tried at Nuremberg Trials
- End of the system of European colonies around the world (Europeans did not want to fight to defend them)
- United Nations was created (to replace the ineffective League of Nations)
- The Cold War began – U.S. and the U.S.S.R., former allies, turned on one another
In Asia: The focus of the Asian part of WWII was Allies against Japan
- Japanese Imperialism: Japan needed more raw materials - Korea, China, S.E. Asia --> Pearl Harbor attack
- Japanese abuses: Nanking and Korea – abuse against citizens Bataan – “Bataan Death March” abused prisoners of war
- “Island Hopping”: How the Allies approached Japan - Taking an island and forcing Japan to withdraw towards Japan
- The Atomic Bomb was used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan – ending WWII
- The U.S. occupied Japan for 7 years - helped them rebuild - made them create a democratic style of government
POSITIVE EFFECTS ON NATIVE PEOPLE
· New technologies were introduced
· Health and medical care improved
· Western educational ideas spread
JAPANESE IMPERIALISM
1600’s – Japan had chosen a policy of isolationism
1800’s:
- Treaty of Kanagawa – American Matthew Perry forced Japan to open up to trade
- Meiji Restoration - Japan chose to end isolationism à become more “westernized” (more industrial and militaristic)
- Japan began to Imperialize – Because they need more raw materials for their industry and military
- Sino-Japanese War: China vs. Japan Japan took some areas of China
- Russo-Japanese War: Russia vs. Japan Japan won – first time an Asian nation defeated a European power
Review Unit # 17A Communism in the USSR
ORIGINS OF COMMUNISM
Karl Marx: wrote The Communist Manifesto – it described how Communism (socialism) should work
Communism: a combination of economic Socialism and political Totalitarianism - sometimes called a Command Economy
COMMUNISM IN THE USSR
Russian Revolution: in 1917, Russians revolted against the Czar’s rule – they changed to a Communist government
· Causes: - Life for peasants under the Czar was terrible
- Many Russians were angry with the Czar for getting Russia involved with WWI
- Bolsheviks (Russian Communist Party) offered “Bread, Land, and Peace”
Lenin’s USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - A bunch of Republics that were united by workers in a socialist economy
· NEP: Lenin’s “New Economic Policy” - Lenin realized the young nation needed some elements of capitalism in order to effectively get socialism (communism) started
Stalin’s USSR: - Stalinism – all aspects of Soviet rule were directed by Stalin and devoted towards his rule
- Totalitarian State: the government had total control of all aspects of life (art, education, music, jobs, etc)
- Collectivization: Stalin’s plan to improve agricultural production à collect farmland into one common farm
- 5 Year Plan: Stalin’s plan to improve industrial production
- Purges: How Stalin got rid of anyone that was a threat to his power à execution or concentration camps
- WWII: first signed a non-aggression pact with Germany (they split Poland) - later attacked by Germany
THE COLD WAR
Origins: after WWII – mutual distrust between the U.S. and the USSR – political differences - economic differences
- the 2 sides: US – capitalism – democracy – NATO vs. USSR – communism – totalitarian – Warsaw Pact
In the USSR: - after World War II – Soviets “kept” control of eastern European territory they liberated from the Germans
- these satellite nations formed the Eastern Bloc behind the “Iron Curtain” (Warsaw Pact military alliance)
Major Events: Marshall Plan/Truman Doctrine – Berlin Airlift – Space Race – Berlin Wall – Cuban Missile Crisis – Détente
Fall of the USSR
Causes: - a younger Mikhail Gorbachev replaced a series of older generation leaders
- introduced reforms: Glasnost – “openness” to new ideas from outside Perestroika –“restructuring” govt.
- Poor Economy: too much sacrificing “butter for guns” The govt. spent too much on military – not enough on the people
- too much support of “satellite” nations
- Challenges to Communism by protesters - Hungary (1956) - Czechoslovakia (1968) Poland/Solidarity (1989)
- republics of USSR broke up: first had industrial strikes - some republics declared independence (became new nations)
New nations:
- Russia became the largest and most influential of the newly independent nations (the old Republics)
- Boris Yeltsin became the new democratically elected leader
- the transition from a socialist to a capitalist economy was difficult – much poverty exists - the economy is struggling
- with-in Russia – the region of Chechnya is trying to break away into an independent nation – Russia won’t let it
- Yeltsin has since been replaced by Vladimir Putin
COMMUNISM IN CHINA
The Chinese Republic: - the government of China before communism came to power
- it had replaced the dynasties in China (they were letting too many foreigners in)
- it was begun by Sun Yixian After he died, Jaing Jieshi replaced him as head of the Nationalists
Rise of Communism: - Communism was attractive to the peasant classes (the same as in Russia!)
- Communism in China was led by Mao Zedong
- The Nationalists defended their rule from the Communists in the Chinese Civil War
- Mao led the Communists on The Long March
1. to train as fighters 2. to learn Communism 3. to recruit supporters
- the war had to stop as Japan invaded during WWII - after, the Communists defeated the Nationalists
- China became Communist (People’s Republic of China) - the Nationalists fled to Taiwan
Mao’s China: - Great Leap Forward: Mao’s attempt to improve the economy in China - it failed
- Cultural Revolution: Mao’s attempt to strengthen Communism in China - it failed
(Red Guard [Student supporters], Little Red Book, anti-intellectuals)
Deng’s China: - Deng Xioping replaced Mao Zedong - he saw China needed to change from Mao’s strict ways to survive
- Deng introduced economic reforms - but NOT political changes
- allow some private ownership (capitalism) - some foreign companies in China
- Deng crushed a student demonstration against Communism in Tiananmen Square
Recent China: - today China is run by Hu Jintao (2003)
- Hong Kong was given back to China from Great Britain in 1997 (it’s capitalist ways influence southern China)
- a major focus of China is to reduce the population growth rate (they try to limit families to 1 child)
COMMUNISM IN OTHER PLACES
Korea: - North was Communist – South was not
- Korean War: North invaded the South
- South supported by the United Nations
- neither side won (stalemate)
Vietnam - Vietnam had been a French colonial possession
- Under HoChi Minh the French were driven out
- The French divided Vietnam before they left: North was communist - South not
- North attacked the South - the South was supported by the United States– unsuccessfully. North won – took over
Cuba: had been a Spanish colony – turned over to the U.S. after Spanish American War – became an American play land (1950’s)
- Communist rebels led by Fidel Castro took over and made Cuba communist (1959) American interests were forced out
- Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviets put nuclear missiles in Cuba (1962) America demanded their removal
- the closest the world has come to a nuclear war (US vs. USSR)
- Fidel Castro still runs communist Cuba – but its failing economy leads some to believe communism may not last there
Review Unit #18
Post WWII Nationalism
Following WWII – many European colonial possessions were challenged by native populations
AFRICA
Nationalist movement: - many African colonies demanded independence after WWII - some came peacefully, others not
- Gradualism – the policy of granting colonies independence as they became ready to run them
- Ghana – peaceful transition under Kwame Nkrumah
- Kenya – violent transition under Jomo Kenyatta
Continued economic ties: many former colonies continued an economic connection with their previous colonial power
- British Commonwealth – an economic alliance between Great Britain and its former colonies
Political Instability: new African nations are plagued with problems concerning the stability of their political systems (govt.)
- Ethnic Rivalries: tribal identities often come in conflict with one another within a nation
- Nigeria: many Civil wars have taken place because tribes can not agree on a govt.
- Rwanda: acts of genocide by Hutu tribe against Tutsi tribe (became refugees in other nations)
The Apartheid Issue: Apartheid : the official government policy of separating races of people in a nation
- the most famous example took place in the nation of South Africa
- the minority white populations ruled over the majority black population
- led by Nelson Mandela – the African National Congress (ANC) pushed for reform
- Bishop Desmond Tutu organized international pressure on South Africa’s white government to change
- President F.W.DeKlerk (white) began changes to eventually allow blacks to vote
- 1994 – Nelson Mandela elected President of South Africa – Apartheid ended
INDIA
British Colonial Rule: India had been a British colony for many years – run by the British East India Company
- the “Sepoys” (Indian soldiers in the British army) revolted in the Sepoy Mutiny
Nationalist Movement: The Indian National Congress (Hindus) and the Muslim League (Muslims) pushed for independence
- led by Mohandas Gandhi, Indians used non-violent methods to get independence
- passive resistance: peaceful ways of protesting against something (marches, boycotts, strikes)
- civil disobedience: breaking a law on purpose – to get attention for your cause
Independence: Great Britain granted Independence to India in 1947 à BUT – only if India was divided up!
- India needed to be partitioned (divided) because the Hindus and Muslims could not get along together
Hindus: got the middle section – which became the modern nation of India
Muslims: got a section in the West and one in the East – became West Pakistan and East Pakistan
(In 1971 East Pakistan won a war with West Pakistan – it became the independent Bangladesh)
Recent News: - India remained non-aligned (did not take sides) in the Cold War
- India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are all fighting an overpopulation struggle
- Disagreements over control of the region of Kashmir could lead to a destructive (nuclear) war between
India and Pakistan
SOUTHEAST ASIA
Vietnam: Had been part of French Indo-China - fought the French and defeated them (Battle of Dienbienphu)
- North became communist (under HoChi Minh) - invaded the democratic South (later supported by U.S.)
- north won à today Vietnam is one communist nation
Cambodia: The communist Khmere Rouge – led by Pol Pot – committed acts of genocide against its own people (intellectuals)
Myanmar: Aung San Suu Kyi has led demonstrations against the oppressive military government there – she’s been arrested
Review Unit # 19 Recent World Conflicts
POLITICAL HOTSPOTS
Korea: Conflict between the North (Communist) and the South (Democratic)
Taiwan: Communist China claims the island and threatens to take over the Democratic island nation of Taiwan (U.S. supported)
Chechnya: The tiny region of Chechnya wants to break away from Russia and form its own nation - Russia does not agree
Kashmir: India and Pakistan are fighting over control of Kashmir. Each side has nuclear weapons, and vows to use them
Tibet: what began as an ethnic conflict against Buddhist has turned into a pro-independence movement for Tibetans against China
Afghanistan: United States forces are trying to secure and support the new democratically elected government
ETHNIC HOTSPOTS
Balkan Mts.: Ethnic Serbs were killing (genocide) ethnic Muslims in Bosnia and other areas. NATO and UN forces are there
Northern Ireland: Irish Catholics are angry that British led Protestants still control Northern Ireland. IRA has used terrorism.
The “Kurds”: nomadic Kurds living in various Middle Eastern nations (Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria) are often treated with violence
THE MIDDLE EAST
Palestine Issue: - Jewish Israelis and Muslim Arabs (Palestinians) are fighting over control of the same piece of land
- the Jews claim the land was promised to them by God, and that it’s their homeland – they were kicked out
of the land by the Romans nearly 2000 years ago - they call the land Israel
- the Arabs moved in when the Jews were kicked out – they say it belongs to them because they have been living
there for the last 2000 years - they call the land Palestine – they are supported by neighboring Arab nations
- Zionism: a movement begun by worldwide Jews in the 1800’s to get their homeland back
- following WWII ( in part because of the Holocaust) – an international effort to create a Jewish state in Palestine
began - Britain’s Balfour Declaration began the process of allowing this to happen
- In 1947 the U.N. partitioned Palestine – some land went to Jews of the world – some reserved for Palestinians
- 1948 Jews declared the independent nation of Israel– Arab nations attacked Israel in support of the Palestinians
- there have been a total of 4 Arab/Israeli wars - Israel has never lost
- PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization – used terrorism to get Palestinian land back – Yassir Arafat was leader
- In 1979 Egypt became the first Arab nation to recognize Israel’s right to exist à Camp David Accords signed
- Today: they try peace attempts – radicals on both sides often disrupt the peace process
ï‚· Palestinians: want a self governing nation
ï‚· Israelis: want to live peacefully and securely
Iranian - Islamic Fundamentalists – led by Ayatollah Khomeini – overthrew the Shah of Iran in 1979
Revolution: - they also overtook the American Embassy – taking Americans hostage
- an Islamic Fundamentalist state was created – traditional Muslim laws and practices replaced secular ones
Iran/Iraq War: - begun over a border dispute (access to Persian Gulf) - Iran also wanted to spread the fundamentalist movement
- after 8 years (1980-1988) nothing much accomplished by either side – except mass deaths of soldiers
Persian Gulf - 1990 – Iraq – under Saddam Hussein – invaded Kuwait 1. access to deep water port 2. Kuwait’s oil reserves
War: - United Nations Coalition Forces (led by the U.S.) drove Iraq out of Kuwait
- Saddam Hussein was left in power – remained a threat to peace in the region and the world
U.S./Iraq War: - U.S. led attack on Iraq to remove Saddam Hussein from power
- Hussein captured – his government toppled
- stabilization of the new nation will be a difficult task
Review Unit #20 World Economic Issues
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Market Economy: A business owned by private citizens – the “market” makes the decisions – Great Britain, Japan
(often called capitalism or free market)
Command Economy: business owned by the “people” (through the govt.) – govt. officials make the decisions – Cuba, N. Korea
(often called socialism or communism)
Mixed: uses some of both Market and Command (govt. often controls “big” businesses and influences major economic decisions)
INTERNATIONAL TRADING AGREEMENTS
NAFTA: (North America Free Trade Agreement) attempting to make trade easier between Canada, Mexico, and the United States
OPEC: (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) - many of the oil producing nations of the world
- they control how much oil is produced à which controls the price of oil on the world market
European Union: (EU) - attempts to make trade and commerce easier between member nations of Europe
NORTH vs. SOUTH
North: nations in the northern hemisphere are generally more industrial, wealthy, and modern
South: nations in the southern hemisphere are generally less developed, poorer, and more traditional
- they are often called developing nations (they used to be called Third World Nations)
- little modern technology - often dependent on a single cash crop - international debt
- lack of industry (no capital, poor raw materials, few “skilled” workers, unstable government)
International Assistance Organizations: provide economic assistance to developing nations: UNICEF, World Bank, IMF, WHO
RISE OF ASIAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
Re-emergence of Japan: - After WWII – Japan had been destroyed physically and economically
- U.S. occupied Japan and helped it rebuild - also provided it a market for its cheap industrial goods
- Japanese developed their own industrial style
- copied good industrial ideas from other nations
- developed and improved their own concepts 1. employee teamwork 2. robotics
- the Japanese government often provided economic assistance (tariffs, embargoes) to industries
- over the years Japan developed a favorable balance of trade with the United States
( they sold more to us than they bought from us)
Asian Tigers: - the name given to rapidly developing nations in Asia
- many have followed the Japanese industrial model
- Taiwan
- South Korea
- Hong Kong
- Singapore
The future?: - who will be the future economic players in Asia? The World?
- signs point to China and the nations of Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia)
Review Unit #21 Global Issues
THE UNITED NATIONS
United Nations: Organized after WWII to 1. Keep peace in the world and 2. Assist developing nations with problems
General Assembly: made up of all UN member nations - have general discussions about world issues
Security Council: 15 nations at a time–5 of which are permanent members(allies of WWII) - authorizes use of force or sanctions
TRADITION vs. MODERNIZATION
Many cultures face conflict as modern ways begin to replace traditional values
- Japan: while they readily accept modern, especially western ways, they still strive to keep more traditional values
- Middle East: the influx of western values has collided with traditional religious laws and customs
GLOBAL MIGRATION
As in the past, groups of people sometimes pack-up and move from their homeland to other areas of the world
Reasons: Economic Opportunity: trying to find a way to make more money, get ahead in the world, economic security for family
Civil Unrest: some people leave to get away from areas of violence (Rwanda for example)
Political Oppression: some leave in order to get more political freedoms
STATUS OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN
Women: - women in many traditional cultures are often treated as inferior to men
- women in many Muslim cultures are often restricted in their actions
Children: - many children are forced to work in terrible working conditions as nations begin to industrialize
- Infanticide: killing of children at birth or a very early age – often because of traditional or economic reasons
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Green Revolution: changing the way traditional community’s farm–introduction of modern agricultural technologies (more food!)
Information Age: Computers and the Internet now provide volumes of information in a very quick time
Space Age: much space technology has been used in the commercial world – satellites help predict weather, monitor the Earth, assist in navigation, and speed communication
Medical Technology: we can live longer lives now: 1. better prevention of sickness 2. Better cures for those that get sick
GLOBAL PROBLEMS
In addition to the following definitions – every student should know a place where the problem is taking place – a cause of the problem – an effect the problem has on the place – and a possible solution to the problem
Terrorism:
